Physical Inactivity, Sedentary Behavior and Quality of Life in the Chilean Population: ENCAVI Results, 2015-2016.

Regular physical activity (PA) is indicated to be one of the main healthy habits that allow populations to achieve a good quality of life (QoL); however, levels of physical inactivity (PI) and sedentary behavior (SB) have risen worldwide, with negative health effects. The aim of this study is to analyze PI and SB levels, as well as their association with QoL in the Chilean population. A secondary analysis was performed based on the database from the 2015-2016 National Quality of Life Survey (ENCAVI) in Chile, using the modules for sociodemographic characteristics, health, and PA. Contingency tables and logistic regressions were conducted to determine the association between PI (low-intensity PA, LIPA; low-moderate PA, LMPA), SB (P75), and QoL adjusted for sociodemographic variables. Approximately 84%, 83%, and 47% of the participants presented LIPA, LMPA, and moderate-high SB, respectively. Participants that presented high PI and SB had lower QoL scores than those who were more active (p < 0.05). We observe that, in people with PI (LIPA), there is a higher risk of a low QoL regarding mental and physical components (OR 1.941; OR 1.189, p < 0.001) among females (OR 1.473; OR 1.513, p < 0.001) and those of a low educational level (OR 2.170; OR 1.410 p < 0.001). People with PI (LMPA) increased their risk for a low QoL in regard to mental and physical components (OR 1.750; OR 1.458, p < 0.001) among females (OR 1.528; OR 1.507, p < 0.001) and those of a low educational level (OR 2.195; OR 1.402 p < 0.001). We observe that people with SB (P75) increased their risk of a low QoL concerning physical and mental components (OR 1.475; OR 1.257, p < 0.001) for those of the female gender (OR 1.615; OR 1.563, p < 0.001) and a low educational level (OR 2.248; OR 1.423 p < 0.001). High levels of PI in both intensities and SB impact QoL in the Chilean population. It is crucial to generate public policies for more PA, especially for females and those of lower educational levels.

Autopercepción de la condición física, funcionalidad y calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios / Self-perception of physical fitness, functionality and quality of life in university students

Introducción: La etapa universitaria es un proceso que impone una serie de cambios que pueden llevar a la adquisición de estilos de vida poco saludables que repercute negativamente en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar la autopercepción de funcionalidad y salud según nivel de AF y comportamiento sedentario en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Estudio es de tipo descriptivo, transversal y diseño observacional. Se seleccionaron 566 estudiantes universitarios a través de un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. El nivel de actividad física se midió a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física versión corta, la condición física mediante la International Fitness Scale, la funcionalidad de miembros superiores a través del Cuestionario Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand, para la funcionalidad de miembros inferiores la Lower Extremity Functional Scale y la percepción de la calidad de vida con el cuestionario de salud SF-36. Resultados: Los participantes físicamente activos percibieron una mejor condición física general (p = 0,001), condición cardiorrespiratoria (p = 0,001), fuerza muscular (p = 0,001), velocidad/ agilidad (p = 0,001) y mayor funcionalidad de miembros inferiores (p = 0,001) que los físicamente inactivos. Resultados similares se obtuvieron al comparar la percepción de la condición física y funcionalidad según conducta sedentaria. La percepción de calidad de vida según nivel de actividad física como de comportamiento sedentario, coincidían en que tanto los físicamente activos como los no sedentarios presentaban mejores indicadores de salud general y mental. Conclusión: Los individuos físicamente activos y los no sedentarios presentan una mejor autopercepción de la condición física, funcionalidad y calidad de vida en comparación con sus pares físicamente inactivos y sedentarios(AU)

Introduction: University life is a stage that imposes a series of changes that can lead to the acquisition of unhealthy lifestyles with a negative impact on the quality of life. Objective: To compare the self-perception of physical fitness, functionality and quality of life, level of physical activity and sedentary behavior in university students. Methods: The study is descriptive, cross-sectional and observational in design. 566 university students were selected through stratified random sampling. The level of physical activity was measured through the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, physical fitness was determined through the self-report International Fitness Scale, the functionality of upper limbs was measured through the Self-Assessment Questionnaire. -Report Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand, the functionality of the lower limbs was used with the Lower Extremity Functional Scale Questionnaire and the perception of quality of life with the SF-36 health questionnaire. Results: the physically active participants perceived a better general physical condition (p = 0.001), cardiorespiratory condition (p = 0.001), muscular strength (p = 0.001), speed / agility (p = 0.001) and greater functionality of lower limbs (p = 0.001) than the group of physically inactive participants. Similar results were obtained when comparing the perception of physical condition and functionality according to sedentary behavior. In relation to the perception of quality of life according to the level of physical activity and sedentary behavior, they agreed that both the physically active and the non-sedentary had better indicators of general and mental health. Conclusion: The physically active and non-sedentary individuals present a better self-perception of physical condition, functionality and quality of life compared to their physically inactive and sedentary peers(AU)

El deseo como refugio de la temporalidad: la lectura de Sade en Les mots et le choses de Michel Foucault / Desire as a refuge from temporality: Sade's reading in Les mots et le choses by Michel Foucault

El siguiente texto busca dar cuenta del lugar que tiene la figura del Marqués de Sade en el trabajo que lleva a cabo Foucault en Les mots et le choses. Se trata de una figura que va a mostrar el límite de la representación y de la conciencia, elementos desbordados por lo inabarcable del deseo y sumergidos en la inmensidad irrepresentable de la historia. Para ello, el texto recoge como antecedente, la función que se le otorga a Sade en Histoire de la folie, como una muestra del retorno de la experiencia trágica de la locura que había sido convertida en objeto de conocimiento por la modernidad. Finalmente, el trabajo presenta algunos elementos que Foucault elabora en torno a Sade como figura de la trasgresión.

The following text seeks to give local account that has the figure of Marques de Sade in Les mots et le choses of Michel Foucault. This name wil show the limit of the representation and of the conscience, both elements exceeded for inabarcable of the desire and lost in the unrepresentable immensity of the history. For this purpose, the text gathers as precedent, the function given to Sade in Histoire de la folie, as a sign of return of the tragic experience of the madness, that had been converted into object of knowledge by the modernity. Finally, the work presents some elements that Foucault elaborates concerning Sade as figure of the transgression.

[Effects of physical training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review]. / Hemoglobina glicada y ejercicio: una revisión sistemática.

Physical training is recommended in several studies and guidelines for the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its complications. We performed a systematic review about the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance (RT) or the combination of both (AT/ RT), on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with DM2. Therefore, we included 15 clinical trials with at least 12 weeks duration about training program or recommendations of physical exercise, that evaluated the reduction in HbA1c levels in patients with DM2. Information was obtained on training modality (AT, RT or AT / RT), training parameters, duration and weekly training frequency. The results showed increases in peak or maximal oxygen uptake, exercise tolerance time and muscle strength, depending on the type of training, and a reduction in HbA1c levels. We conclude that exercise training is associated with reductions of HbA1c in patients with DM2. Thus, it can be a complementary tool in the management of these patients.

Hemoglobina glicada y ejercicio: una revisión sistemática / Effects of physical training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Physical training is recommended in several studies and guidelines for the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its complications. We performed a systematic review about the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance (RT) or the combination of both (AT/ RT), on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with DM2. Therefore, we included 15 clinical trials with at least 12 weeks duration about training program or recommendations of physical exercise, that evaluated the reduction in HbA1c levels in patients with DM2. Information was obtained on training modality (AT, RT or AT / RT), training parameters, duration and weekly training frequency. The results showed increases in peak or maximal oxygen uptake, exercise tolerance time and muscle strength, depending on the type of training, and a reduction in HbA1c levels. We conclude that exercise training is associated with reductions of HbA1c in patients with DM2. Thus, it can be a complementary tool in the management of these patients.

Effects of underwater lipus on the morphohistology of the CF-1 mice growth plate in late lactation stage / Efectos del ultrasonido subacuático sobre la morfohistología de la placa de crecimiento de ratones CF-1 en etapa de lactancia tardía

SUMMARY: Ultrasound is one of the most used tools in physiotherapy, its LIPUS modality allows to treat musculoskeletal injuries, but like the conventional ultrasound it is contraindicated its application in areas close to growth cartilage by a possible closure of this one. In the literature there is no conclusive evidence of this contraindication, so the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of doses equivalent to underwater LIPUS on the histomorphometry of the proximal tibial epiphysis growth plate in an animal model. LIPUS was applied in underwater mode in the right pelvic limb to 8 mice in p 15 for 4 days, 2 times a day. On completion of 8 sessions the histology of the stimulated limb growth plate was sacrificed and the histology. When evaluating the histomorphometry of the plaque, a significant increase in the thickness and area of the proliferative zone stimulated with LIPUS (p = 0.048) was observed. In the hypertrophic area were observed no significant differences in thickness or areas, but in the hypertrophic area there were significant changes in the histological organization, observing a significant increase of the entire columns in the stimulated plaque (p = 0.04). LIPUS in underwater modality modifies the histomorphometry of the proximal epiphyseal PC of the tibia of rodents in the late postnatal stage, promoting proliferation and columnar organization in the proliferative and hypertrophic zone, respectively.

RESUMEN: El ultrasonido es una de las herramientas más utilizadas en fisioterapia, su modalidad LIPUS permite tratar lesiones músculo-esqueléticas, pero al igual que el ultrasonido convencional está contraindicada su aplicación en zonas próximas a cartílago de crecimiento por un posible cierre de éste. En la literatura no existe evidencia contundente de esta contraindicación, por lo cual el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de dosis equivalentes a LIPUS subacuático sobre la histomorfometría de la placa de crecimiento de la epífisis proximal de tibia en un modelo animal. Metodología. Se aplicó LIPUS en modalidad subacuática en el miembro pélvico derecho a 8 ratones en p 15 por 4 días, 2 veces al día. Al cumplir 8 sesiones se sacrificaron y se evaluó la histología de la placa de crecimiento del miembro estimulado. Al evaluar la histomorfometría de la placa se observó un aumento significativo en el espesor y el área de la zona proliferiva estimulada con LIPUS (p=0.048). En la zona hipertrófica no se observaron diferencias significativas en el espesor ni en las áreas, pero si existieron cambios significativos en la organización histológica de la zona, observando un aumento significativo de las columnas completas en la placa estimulada (p=0,04). El LIPUS en modalidad subacuática modifica la histomorfometría de la PC epifisiaria proximal de la tibia de roedores en el etapa postnatal tardía, promoviendo la proliferación y la organización columnar en la zona proliferativa e hipertrófica, respectivamente.

Biopolíticas, gobierno y salud pública: miradas para un diagnóstico diferencial / The biopolitics, government and public health: perspectives for differential diagnosis

Desde que Michel Foucault diera inicio a la serie de investigaciones que toman la biopolítica como categoría de análisis, la pregunta por la vida y por el poder se anudan inextricablemente. En ello, la problemática de la salud se vuelve decisiva. De hecho, en 1974 la noción de biopolítica designa la arremetida de una medicina social que contribuía a la normalización y regulación de los modos de vida. La preocupación médica, en su vertiente sanitaria, acude a la conformación de la población como objeto de gobierno privilegiado para el biopoder.A esta luz, el presente libro pretende hacer dialogar las discusiones filosóficas con el distrito heterogéneo de los salubristas, quienes aportan una mirada médica que refresca -con preguntas que arrancan del ejercicio efectivo de la salud pública-, la revisión teórica y el refinanciamiento conceptual. Por esta razón, los artículos que aquí se presentan están atentos a los cruces e interferencias que la biopolítica pueda tener con la política pública de salud y con la historia sanitaria de nuestros países. Es esta enigmática confluencia la que anima las reflexiones que siguen: ¿Cómo y bajo qué pretexto podría ser oportuno un diálogo entre biopolítica y salud pública? Los textos aquí reunidos se proponen avanzar en dos direcciones que toman como inicio la noción de biopolítica. En Inconclusiones de vida. Discusiones teórico–filosóficas, se lleva a cabo una revisión crítica que ponen en forma algunas precisiones que comportan los desarrollos teóricos de algunos autores que se han servido de la categoría. Por otra parte en Tratamientos irresolutos: Población, medicinas y salubridad, se dan cita algunos ejercicios analíticos provenientes del ámbito de la salud pública y que toman la noción de biopolítica como insumo teórico para sus propuestas...

[Health statistics aren't born in a cabbage patch: Jesuits, political arithmetic, stigmergy and oligopticons]. / Las estadísticas de salud no nacen de un repollo: jesuitas, aritméticas políticas, estigmergias y oligópticos.

By analyzing the content and network of production of a map from 1751, created by the circular mission of the Jesuits in Chiloé (an archipelago located off the southern coast of Chile), that contains birth, death and population data, this article discusses the role that health statistics play historically, philosophically, technically and sociologically. In doing so, the article seeks to comprehend the genesis of a process of production of data and references in order to debate what health statistics are composed of, what ends they are used for, what their connection is to the formation of collectives and the differential conditions of possibility that exist for producing statistics. We attempt to develop hypotheses that demonstrate statistics as a hybrid articulation between diverse elements, epistemological, biopolitical, historical and philosophical in nature, with facets at once religious and demographic, ontological and ethnic, scientific and governmental.

Las estadísticas de salud no nacen de un repollo: jesuitas, aritméticas políticas, estigmergias y oligópticos / Health statistics aren't born in a cabbage patch: jesuits, political arithmetic, stigmergy and oligopticons

A partir de un análisis del contenido y la red productora de un mapa de 1751, elaborado por la misión circular de los jesuitas en Chiloé (archipiélago ubicado en la costa austral chilena), que contiene cifras de nacimientos, defunciones y habitantes, este artículo discute el rol de las estadísticas de salud, en diferentes registros: históricos, filosóficos, técnicos y sociológicos. De este modo, se busca comprender la génesis de un proceso de producción de cifras y referencias, para debatir de qué están hechas las estadísticas de salud, qué roles cumplen, sus vínculos con la construcción de colectivos y las condiciones de posibilidad de producciones diferentes. Tratamos de ensayar algunas hipótesis que muestran las estadísticas como articulación híbrida de elementos de índole muy diversa: epistemológicos, biopolíticos, históricos y filosóficos, reconociendo en ellos facetas religiosas y demográficas, ontológicas y étnicas, científicas y de gobierno.

By analyzing the content and network of production of a map from 1751, created by the circular mission of the Jesuits in Chiloé (an archipelago located off the southern coast of Chile), that contains birth, death and population data, this article discusses the role that health statistics play historically, philosophically, technically and sociologically. In doing so, the article seeks to comprehend the genesis of a process of production of data and references in order to debate what health statistics are composed of, what ends they are used for, what their connection is to the formation of collectives and the differential conditions of possibility that exist for producing statistics. We attempt to develop hypotheses that demonstrate statistics as a hybrid articulation between diverse elements, epistemological, biopolitical, historical and philosophical in nature, with facets at once religious and demographic, ontological and ethnic, scientific and governmental.

Las estadísticas de salud no nacen de un repollo: jesuitas, aritméticas políticas, estigmergias y oligópticos / Health statistics arent born in a cabbage patch: jesuits, political arithmetic, stigmergy and oligopticons

A partir de un análisis del contenido y la red productora de un mapa de 1751, elaborado por la misión circular de los jesuitas en Chiloé (archipiélago ubicado en la costa austral chilena), que contiene cifras de nacimientos, defunciones y habitantes, este artículo discute el rol de las estadísticas de salud, en diferentes registros: históricos, filosóficos, técnicos y sociológicos. De este modo, se busca comprender la génesis de un proceso de producción de cifras y referencias, para debatir de qué están hechas las estadísticas de salud, qué roles cumplen, sus vínculos con la construcción de colectivos y las condiciones de posibilidad de producciones diferentes. Tratamos de ensayar algunas hipótesis que muestran las estadísticas como articulación híbrida de elementos de índole muy diversa: epistemológicos, biopolíticos, históricos y filosóficos, reconociendo en ellos facetas religiosas y demográficas, ontológicas y étnicas, científicas y de gobierno.(AU)

By analyzing the content and network of production of a map from 1751, created by the circular mission of the Jesuits in Chiloé (an archipelago located off the southern coast of Chile), that contains birth, death and population data, this article discusses the role that health statistics play historically, philosophically, technically and sociologically. In doing so, the article seeks to comprehend the genesis of a process of production of data and references in order to debate what health statistics are composed of, what ends they are used for, what their connection is to the formation of collectives and the differential conditions of possibility that exist for producing statistics. We attempt to develop hypotheses that demonstrate statistics as a hybrid articulation between diverse elements, epistemological, biopolitical, historical and philosophical in nature, with facets at once religious and demographic, ontological and ethnic, scientific and governmental.(AU)

Las estadísticas de salud no nacen de un repollo: jesuitas, aritméticas políticas, estigmergias y oligópticos. / [Health statistics arent born in a cabbage patch: Jesuits, political arithmetic, stigmergy and oligopticons].

By analyzing the content and network of production of a map from 1751, created by the circular mission of the Jesuits in Chiloé (an archipelago located off the southern coast of Chile), that contains birth, death and population data, this article discusses the role that health statistics play historically, philosophically, technically and sociologically. In doing so, the article seeks to comprehend the genesis of a process of production of data and references in order to debate what health statistics are composed of, what ends they are used for, what their connection is to the formation of collectives and the differential conditions of possibility that exist for producing statistics. We attempt to develop hypotheses that demonstrate statistics as a hybrid articulation between diverse elements, epistemological, biopolitical, historical and philosophical in nature, with facets at once religious and demographic, ontological and ethnic, scientific and governmental.